puntoblue

Sources and methodology

Last updated 2026-10-02

Every figure on PuntoBlue shows its source and the period it describes. The datasets we use are listed at the end of this page, with the attribution their licences ask for.

How figures are checked

Figures are fetched automatically. A figure that moves sharply from the previous one, by more than 30 % for a quantity or more than 10 points for a percentage, is held until an editor has checked it. Exchange rates against the US dollar are calculated from the European Central Bank's euro reference rates. Electricity demand is generation plus net imports, as Ember defines it.

News

Every story names and links the publication or organisation its information comes from. Images in our archive belong to their original publishers.

Maps, flags and fonts

  • The world map is drawn from Natural Earth (public domain) through the world-atlas package by Michael Bostock (ISC licence).
  • Flags come from flag-icons by Panayiotis Lipiridis (MIT licence).
  • The Montserrat typeface is by the Montserrat project authors (SIL Open Font License 1.1).

Country data

  • European Central Bank : Source: European Central Bank, euro reference rates. Rates against the US dollar are cross rates calculated from the ECB euro reference rates.
  • OECD : Source: OECD, Consumer price indices (national CPI, all items, change over one year), licensed under CC BY 4.0.
  • IRENA : © IRENA. Source: IRENA, Renewable Energy Statistics (IRENASTAT), International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
  • Ember : Source: Ember, Yearly electricity data, licensed under CC BY 4.0. Demand is generation plus net imports.
  • World Bank : Source: The World Bank: World Development Indicators: Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), licensed under CC BY 4.0.
  • Energy-Charts : Source: Energy-Charts.info (Fraunhofer ISE), based on the German market master data register, licensed under CC BY 4.0.
  • The publisher's own page: Found on the publisher's own page with puntoblue's figure prompts, and checked by an editor against that page before it appeared.
  • World Bank, ESMAP and Solargis : Source: World Bank and ESMAP, Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country (Solargis, 2020), licensed under CC BY 4.0. The yearly figure is the daily average times 365.