Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed innovative “biocells” that utilize cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, to generate electricity through photosynthesis. By functioning as biological solar panels, these units offer a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical batteries, which often cause environmental harm through mining and disposal. Led by Professor Chris Howe and designer Lucia Giron, the team has successfully integrated this technology into functional prototypes, including a clock radio and a temperature sensor. While currently larger than standard batteries, the technology promises a cleaner energy future as the team works to optimize and commercialize the system.
The project, which has been in development for two and a half years, explores the potential of biophotovoltaics (BPV). These systems capture energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce a continuous electrical current. The biocells are designed with a transparent casing that allows the algae to access necessary light while providing a visual connection to the living system inside. A semi-permeable membrane manages gas exchange without evaporation, and a specialized filamentous electrode allows for efficient interaction between the biological organisms and the electrical components of the device.
A key design feature is the leaf-vein pattern on the front plate, which serves as both an aesthetic nod to photosynthesis and a functional element that can be disassembled for recycling. Because the algae remain healthy and active throughout the process, the cells can generate power for years; in laboratory settings, some have remained operational for over six years. The team is now moving toward commercialization through a spin-out company called e-Pho, aiming to refine the technology for broader use.
While the current prototypes are larger than the disposable batteries they are intended to replace, the researchers believe there is value in making energy production visible. Rather than hiding the technology, the team suggests that biocells could change how people perceive and interact with their power sources. By integrating these living systems into everyday objects, the project seeks to foster a deeper understanding of energy generation while providing a sustainable, non-toxic alternative to conventional battery technologies in various applications, including architecture and public spaces.